Lionel Casson. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. The Maasai inhabit the African Great Lakes region and arrived via the South Sudan. The East African country of Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa. Europeans first settled in Africa in the mid-17th century near the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern end of the continent. Some went south along Africa’s west coast, while others headed east across the continent in one of the greatest migrations in human history. Tanzania and Uganda fought the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1978–1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. East African music consists of simpler instrumentation than Central Africa or West Africa, with a heavy reliance on percussion and basic horns, and less in the way of complex bowing. East Africa and the Horn comprise 11 states, 315m people, hundreds of ethnic groups, dozens of climatic zones, and various differentiated levels of human development, colonial history, modern political influences, and economic organization all covering nearly … Azania Vol. The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five": the elephant, buffalo, lion, black rhinoceros,[21] and leopard, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. Without immediate action, 4.9 million people could face starvation this summer. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Niño events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. The Portuguese, Germans, French, British and Italians all controlled large portions of East Africa during the colonial period; all of these countries influenced the local culture significantly. Some went south along Africa’s west coast, while others headed east across the continent in one of the greatest migrations in human history. This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. Most multiregionalists still view Africa as a major wellspring of human genetic diversity, but allow a much greater role for hybridization.[42][43]. People. Africa. In the 15th century, the Portuguese began exploring the coast of East Africa, seeking to seize control of the spice trade from the Muslim presence in the Middle East. Catherine Mungai Partnerships and Policy Specialist. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. [45] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BC. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. Historically, East Africa was known for the extensive trade networks that penetrated the region and linked together people of various backgrounds, reaching deep into the interior of Central Africa and eastward across ocean as far as India. The Malagasy people of Madagascar are Austronesian people and native African people, but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European origins. In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400 mm (16 in) at Mogadishu and 1,200 mm (47 in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130 mm (5 in) at Garoowe to over 1,100 mm (43 in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. I plan to eventually sort this board by ethnic groups as it grows. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. A later movement of Arabs into East and Central Africa occurred in the 19th century. 1969. Coffee, cut flowers, tea, tobacco, fish, and vegetables are the region's predominant exports. 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